Commit 1fa23f5d authored by Claude Meny's avatar Claude Meny

Deleted 04.lens/01.lens-main/textbook.en.md,...

Deleted 04.lens/01.lens-main/textbook.en.md, 04.lens/01.lens-main/textbook.es.md, 04.lens/01.lens-main/textbook.fr.md, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/2-centered-refracting-surfaces-1-all.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/2-centered-refracting-surfaces-direction-axis.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/2-refracting-surface-physical-system.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/Const_lens_conv_point_AapresO.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/Const_lens_conv_point_AavantF2.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/Lentille_epaisse_principe_ok.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/cheatsheet.en.md, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/cheatsheet.es.md, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/cheatsheet.fr.md, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-convergent-N3-en.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-convergent-N3-es.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-convergent-N3-fr.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-divergent-N3-en.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-divergent-N3-es.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lens-divergent-N3-fr.jpeg, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/lentille_relle_representation_v1.gif, 04.lens/02.lens-overview/thick-lens-water-air.gif, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/Einstein-ring-free.jpg, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/annex.en.md, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/annex.es.md, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/annex.fr.md, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/lensball-brut-820-760.jpg, 04.lens/03.lens-beyond/lentille-boule-orleans-1bis.jpg, 04.lens/04.lens-parallel-1/default.en.md, 04.lens/04.lens-parallel-1/default.es.md, 04.lens/04.lens-parallel-1/default.fr.md, 04.lens/05.lens-parallel-2/form.en.md, 04.lens/05.lens-parallel-2/form.es.md, 04.lens/05.lens-parallel-2/form.fr.md, 04.lens/06.lens-level-down/page.en.md, 04.lens/06.lens-level-down/page.es.md, 04.lens/06.lens-level-down/page.fr.md, 04.lens/07.lens-level-up/portal.en.md, 04.lens/07.lens-level-up/portal.es.md, 04.lens/07.lens-level-up/portal.fr.md, 04.lens/topic.en.md, 04.lens/topic.es.md, 04.lens/topic.fr.md files
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---
title: lens-overview
media_order: 'lens-convergent-N3-en.jpeg,lens-divergent-N3-en.jpeg,Const_lens_conv_point_AavantF2.gif,thick-lens-water-air.gif,Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif,2-centered-refracting-surfaces-1-all.gif,2-refracting-surface-physical-system.jpeg,2-centered-refracting-surfaces-direction-axis.gif,Lentille_epaisse_principe_ok.gif,lentille_relle_representation_v1.gif,Const_lens_conv_point_AapresO.gif,lens-convergent-N3-es.jpeg,lens-convergent-N3-fr.jpeg,lens-divergent-N3-es.jpeg,lens-divergent-N3-fr.jpeg'
---
### Two successive and centered spherical refracting surfaces
!!! *WHERE YOU ARE* :<br>
!!! Observation $\Rightarrow$ Geometrical optic interpretation $\Rightarrow$ Fermat's Principle $\Rightarrow$ The 5 optical laws $\Rightarrow$ Paraxial approximation $\Rightarrow$ Simple optical element $\Rightarrow$ System of 2 simple optical elements.
! *THIS CHAPTER AIMS AT* :
! * Deeply understand and better master thin lenses.<br>
! * Understand when the lens equation and the coresponding transverse magnification expression can be used, and when they are not correct.
! * Understand need and requirement of new concepts to master esaily and efficientlynext main chapter "Centered optical systems".
*Two successive and centered spherical refracting surfaces* = **thick lens**
##### Thick lens as a physical system
**Physical system** = *spatial distribution of the refracting indexes values* (_variations of refracting index can be discontinuous with interfaces (_refracting surfaces, lenses, mirrors_) or continuous (graded-index optical fiber)_.
**Optical system** = *oriented physical system* = *physical systems + bodies (1) + a direction (2)* <br>
* (1) : which emit, diffuse or reflect the ambiant light.
* (2) : direction of light propagation considered through the physical system.
**Difference** between physical and optical system in optics :
Example of the lensball :
Physical system of a lensball :
**Thick lens** physical system :<br>
Most general : *3 different transparent media with their own refractive index values*, and *2 local spherical interfaces* that separate these media, and *centered on the straigth line* that joins their centers of curvature._
**Examples** in images :
![](2-refracting-surface-physical-system.jpeg)
##### Thick lens as an optical system
**Optical system** = *oriented physical system* = *physical systems + bodies (1) + a direction (2)*
* (1) : which emit, diffuse or reflec the ambiant light
* (2) : direction of light propagation considered through the two refracting surfaces.
*From physical system to optical system* : **a scenario to build** :
* Where is the object that is imaged ?
* In what direction are we searching for images ?
* what are the reflecting or refracting interfaces we take into account.
<!--To define an optical system, you have to find a scenario : where is the objet to be imaged or viewed ? And where is the real image of the object to be registered by a matrix sensor or where is located the eye of the observator ? This gives you the direction of propagation (from object to real image or eye) through the optical system. This direction of propagation is part of the description of the optical system. In the figure above the optical systems are each time two ordered spherical refracting surfaces._-->
_The physical system consists of two bubble aquariums side by side. In each of them, a fish, and the two fish, Jones and Tessa face each other. These two situations correspond to two optical systems: "Tessa looks at Jones" and "Jones looks at Tessa" (the order of crossing of the refracting surfaces by the light is reversed in both cases). In the situtation we want to describe, the direction of the light is indicated (the brown arrow in the figures)_
**Graphical representation** (drawing) and **analytical representation** (*3 algebraic distances* : 2 radius of curvature $\overline{S_1C_1}$, $\overline{S_2C_2}$,+ distance between the two vertices of the refracting surfaces $\overline{S_1S_2}$ *when used in the paraxial (or same, gaussian) approximation, so when considered in paraxial optics.
_ In order to identify conjugated points, to construct the final image of a specific object for example, the optical axis of the optical system is plotted, vertices and centers of curvature of spherical refracting surfaces are localised on the optical axis. Because
!!! Thick lens
![](thick-lens-water-air.gif)
![](2-centered-refracting-surfaces-1-all.gif)
![](2-centered-refracting-surfaces-direction-axis.gif)
![](thick-lens-water-air.gif)
![](Const_lens_conv_point_AapresO.gif)
![](Const_lens_conv_point_AavantF2.gif)
![](Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif)
![](thick-lens-water-air.gif)
![](Lentille_epaisse_principe_ok.gif)
![](lentille_relle_representation_v1.gif)
### The thin lens
##### Objective
to **focuse or disperse the light**,<br>
with often the final goal, alone or as part of optical instruments, to **realize images**.
##### Physical principle
**uses the refractive phenomenon**, described by the Snell-Descartes' law.
##### Characterization of its efficiency
(efficiency to realize its objective)
**Vergence** = **dioptric power** V of the lens :
* **unit** : in S.I. : the *diopter*, of symbol $\delta$<br>
1 diopter = 1 $\delta$ = 1 $m^{-1}$).
* **positive vergence** ($V>0)\:\Longleftrightarrow$ *light focalisation : convergent lens*.<br>
* **negative vergence** ($V<0)\:\Longleftrightarrow$ *light dispersion : divergent lens*.<br>
* **absolute value** of the vergence ($|V|$) : *increases as the optical phenomenon (focalisation or dispersion) increases* (as the corresponding deviation of light rays increases).<br>
* **interest** : The *total vergence* of several __contiguous thin lenses__ is the *sum of the vergences of each of the lenses* : $V=\sum V_i$.
or (equivalent)
**image focal length** $f'$ of the lens :
* **positive $f'$** ($f'>0)\:\Longleftrightarrow$ *focuses light : convergent lens*<br>
* **negative $f'$** ($f'<0)\:\Longleftrightarrow$ *disperse light : divergent lens*<br>
* **absolute value of $f'$** ($|f'|$) : *decreases as the optical phenomenon (focalisation or dispersion) increases*.<br>
* **interest** : For thin lenses, the **algebraic value of $f'$** give the *position of the plane* (perpendicular to the optical axis) and from the lens center *where the image of an object at infinity takes place*.
! Nearby in all application, same medium (same refractive index) in both sides of the lens :<br>
! $\Longrightarrow$ object focal lenght $f$ is the opposite of image focal length $f'$ : $f=-f'$<br>
! $\Longrightarrow$ only absolute value $|f'|$ of $f'$ is given, and the lens is specified to be convergeng or divergent.
**Relation between vergence (dioptric power), image and object focal lengthes**
if the refractive index $n_{ini}$ of the medium in which the incident light on the lens propagates, and $n_{fin}$ of the medium in which the light emerges from the lens, then :
$V=-\dfrac{n_{ini}}{f}=+\dfrac{n_{fin}}{f'}$
##### Constitution
Piece of **glass, quartz, plastic** (for visible and near infrared and UV).<br>
**Rotationally symmetrical**,<br>
**Thin**,<br>
**2 polished surfaces** perpendicular to its axis of symmetry, **either or both curved** (and most often spherical).
##### Classification of thin lenses
**Convergent lenses** = **positive lenses**
![](lens-convergent-N3-en.jpeg)
**Divergent lenses** = **negative lenses**
![](lens-divergent-N3-en.jpeg)
### Brief chronology
### Modeling a lens
#####
---
title: 'nuevo curso : síntesis'
---
nuevo curso : síntesis
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'nouveau cours : synthèse'
media_order: 'lens-divergent-N3-fr.jpeg,lens-convergent-N3-fr.jpeg,2-centered-refracting-surfaces-direction-axis.gif,2-centered-refracting-surfaces-1-all.gif,lentille_relle_representation_v1.gif,Const_lens_conv_point_AapresO.gif,Const_lens_conv_point_AavantF2.gif,Lentille_epaisse_principe_ok.gif,Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif,2-refracting-surface-physical-system.jpeg,lens-convergent-N3-en.jpeg,lens-convergent-N3-es.jpeg,lens-divergent-N3-en.jpeg,lens-divergent-N3-es.jpeg,thick-lens-water-air.gif'
---
### Classification des lentilles minces
**Lentilles convergentes** = **lentilles positives**
_Lentilles "positives" car leurs distances focales images algébriques sont positives (l'axe optique étant orienté positivement dans le sens de propagation de la lumière)_
![](lens-convergent-N3-fr.jpeg)
**Lentilles divergentes** = **lentilles négatives**
_Lentilles "positives" car leurs distances focales images algébriques sont positives (l'axe optique étant orienté positivement dans le sens de propagation de la lumière)_
![](lens-divergent-N3-fr.jpeg)
`nouveau cours : synthèse
![](Const_lens_conv_point_AapresO.gif)
![](Const_lens_conv_point_AavantF2.gif)
![](Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif)
![](lentille_relle_representation_v1.gif)
![](Lentille_epaisse_Gauss_incl_v1.gif)
![](2-centered-refracting-surfaces-1-all.gif)
![](2-centered-refracting-surfaces-direction-axis.gif)
\ No newline at end of file
This diff is collapsed.
---
title: 'nuevo curso: más allá'
---
! *TU DESAFÍO* : Mire la imagen y encuentre las respuestas correctas a las siguientes preguntas.
!
! _No mire la respuesta, tómese el tiempo para pensar, unos días si es necesario. El momento de construir tu representación mental del fenómeno, de formular con palabras esta representación es importante, mil veces más importante que el momento efímero de leer las pocas palabras de la solución._
!
! <details markdown=1>
! <summary>
! ÍNDICE "palabra clave"
! </summary>
! xxx
! </details>
! <details markdown=1>
! <summary>
! RESPUESTA
! </summary>
! xxx
! </details>
!!!! *PUNTO DIFÍCIL* (contribuya o indique los puntos difíciles que deben tomarse nuevamente)
!!!!
!! *MÁS ALLÁ* (contribuir)
!!
!! *ESCAPE CULTURAL* (contribuir)
!!
!!! *MAÎTRISES-TU ?*
!!! <details markdown = 1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Describe la prueba
!!! </summary>
!!! Texto de prueba (y sus imágenes, figuras, audio, video, etc ...)
!!! ![una figura para la prueba] (nombre de archivo)
!!!
!!! Prueba la pregunta
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Respuesta opción 1
!!! </summary>
!!! Texto si se elige la respuesta 1
!!! </details>
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Respuesta opción 2
!!! </summary>
!!! Texto si se elige la respuesta 2
!!! </details>
!!! <!--Posibilidad de añadir respuestas, preguntas-->
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Solucion completa
!!! </summary>
!!! Texto de la solución.
!!! </details>
---
title: 'nouveau cours : au-delà'
---
! *TON DEFI* :
!
! _Ne regarde pas la réponse, prends le temps de réfléchir, quelques jours si nécessaire. Le temps de construire ta représentation mentale du phénomène, de formuler en mots cette réflexion est important, un millier de fois plus important que l'instant éphémère de la lecture des quelques mots de la solution._
!
! <details markdown=1>
! <summary>
! INDICE "mot clé"
! </summary>
! xxx
! </details>
! <details markdown=1>
! <summary>
! RÉPONSE
! </summary>
! xxx
! </details>
!!!! *POINT DIFFICILE* (contribuer, ou indiquer les points difficiles qui méritent d'être repris)
!!!!
!! *AU-DELÀ* (contribuer)
!!
!! *ÉCHAPPÉE CULTURELLE* (contribuer)
!!
!!! *MAÎTRISES-TU ?*
!!! <details markdown = 1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Descrire le test
!!! </summary>
!!! Texte du test (et ses images, figures, audio, video, etc ...)
!!! ! [a figure for the test] (file-name)
!!!
!!! Texte de la question
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Choix de réponse 1
!!! </summary>
!!! Texte si la réponse 1 est choisie
!!! </details>
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Choix de réponse 2
!!! </summary>
!!! Texte si la réponse 2 est choisie
!!! </details>
!!! <!--possibility to add answers, questions-->
!!! -----
!!! <details markdown=1>
!!! <summary>
!!! Solution complète
!!! </summary>
!!! Texte de la solution
!!! </details>
---
title: 'new course : parallel 1'
content:
items: '- ''@self.children'''
order:
by: date
dir: desc
limit: '5'
pagination: '1'
url_taxonomy_filters: '1'
hero_classes: ''
hero_image: ''
---
new course : parallel 1
#####for parallel or other level course :
It will be possible to redirect towards an other page in the m3p2 cursus.
Or to write here some paragraphes separated by html from an other pages, I think.
Or write here a completely new parallel course
For the moment, please wait.
Ya es possible hacer
I can here :
- write a full "parallel 1 course" if required
- or add add a few word about a "course parallel 1" that is written somewhere in "pages/curriculum/..."
- or do nothing.
Go
[there](http://localhost:8000/en/m3p2-curriculum/physics-chemistry-biology/niv3/Geometrical-optics/geometrical-optics-general/geometrical-optics-validity/geometrical-optics-domain-of-validity-overview)
[Current chapter](.)
[Parent chapter](..)
[Sibling chapter](../another-chapter)
[Child chapter](chapter)
[Anchor in the page](#slug-of-header)
<details markdown=1>
<summary>
TOWARDS parallel 1, if their are several
</summary>
This is a text
```math
f\colon\left\{\begin{aligned}\mathbb{R}_4[X]&\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}_4[X] \\
P&\longmapsto P’\end{aligned}\right.
\qquad
g\colon\left\{\begin{aligned}\mathbb{R}_2[X]&\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}_2[X] \\
P&\longmapsto XP’+P\end{aligned}\right.
```
</details>
---
title: 'nuevo curso : paralelo 1'
hero_classes: ''
hero_image: ''
content:
items: '- ''@self.children'''
limit: '5'
order:
by: date
dir: desc
pagination: '1'
url_taxonomy_filters: '1'
---
nuevo curso : paralelo 1
##### para un curso paralelo o de otro nivel:
Será (ya es) posible redirigir hacia otra página en el cursus m3p2.
O escribir aquí algunos párrafos separados por html de otras páginas, creo.
Tambien podemos aquí escribir un curso paralelo o de otro nivel completamente nuevo
*Por el momento, por favor espere*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'nouveau cours : parallèle 1'
hero_classes: ''
hero_image: ''
content:
items: '- ''@self.children'''
limit: '5'
order:
by: date
dir: desc
pagination: '1'
url_taxonomy_filters: '1'
---
nouveau cours : parallèle 1
##### pour un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau
Il sera posible (cela l'est déjà) de rediriger automatiquement vers une autre page dans le cursus m3p2.
Ou d'écrire quelques paragraphes avec entre du html emprunter à d'autres pages je pense.
On peut toujours aussi écrire ici un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau complétement nouveau
*Pour le moment,, attendre, SVP*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'new course : parallel 2'
---
new course : parallel 2
#####for parallel or other level course :
It will be possible to redirect towards an other page in the m3p2 cursus.
Or to write here some paragraphes separated by html from an other pages, I think.
Or write here a completely new parallel course
For the moment, please wait.
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'nuevo curso : paralelo 2'
---
nuevo curso : paralelo 2
##### para un curso paralelo o de otro nivel:
Será (ya es) posible redirigir hacia otra página en el cursus m3p2.
O escribir aquí algunos párrafos separados por html de otras páginas, creo.
Tambien podemos aquí escribir un curso paralelo o de otro nivel completamente nuevo
*Por el momento, por favor espere*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'nouveau cours : parallèle 2'
---
nouveau cours : parallèle 2
##### pour un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau
Il sera posible (cela l'est déjà) de rediriger automatiquement vers une autre page dans le cursus m3p2.
Ou d'écrire quelques paragraphes avec entre du html emprunter à d'autres pages je pense.
On peut toujours aussi écrire ici un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau complétement nouveau
*Pour le moment,, attendre, SVP*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'course : level-1'
---
course : level-1
- or level+1 if current level = 1
- or level-2 if current level = 4
#####for parallel or other level course :
It will be possible to redirect towards an other page in the m3p2 cursus.
Or to write here some paragraphes separated by html from an other pages, I think.
Or write here a completely new parallel course
For the moment, please wait.
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'curso : nivel-1'
---
curso : nivel-1
- or level+1 if current level = 1
- or level-2 if current level = 4
##### para un curso paralelo o de otro nivel:
Será (ya es) posible redirigir hacia otra página en el cursus m3p2.
O escribir aquí algunos párrafos separados por html de otras páginas, creo.
Tambien podemos aquí escribir un curso paralelo o de otro nivel completamente nuevo
*Por el momento, por favor espere*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'cours : niveau-1'
---
cours : niveau-1
- or level+1 if current level = 1
- or level-2 if current level = 4
##### pour un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau
Il sera posible (cela l'est déjà) de rediriger automatiquement vers une autre page dans le cursus m3p2.
Ou d'écrire quelques paragraphes avec entre du html emprunter à d'autres pages je pense.
On peut toujours aussi écrire ici un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau complétement nouveau
*Pour le moment,, attendre, SVP*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'course : level+1'
hero_classes: ''
hero_image: ''
---
course : level+1
or level+2 if current level=1
or level-1 if current level=4
#####for parallel or other level course :
It will be possible to redirect towards an other page in the m3p2 cursus.
Or to write here some paragraphes separated by html from an other pages, I think.
Or write here a completely new parallel course
For the moment, please wait.
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'curso : nivel+1'
---
curso : nivel+1
or level+2 if current level=1
or level-1 if current level=4
##### para un curso paralelo o de otro nivel:
Será (ya es) posible redirigir hacia otra página en el cursus m3p2.
O escribir aquí algunos párrafos separados por html de otras páginas, creo.
Tambien podemos aquí escribir un curso paralelo o de otro nivel completamente nuevo
*Por el momento, por favor espere*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'cours : niveau+1'
---
cours : niveau+1
or level+2 if current level=1
or level-1 if current level=4
##### pour un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau
Il sera posible (cela l'est déjà) de rediriger automatiquement vers une autre page dans le cursus m3p2.
Ou d'écrire quelques paragraphes avec entre du html emprunter à d'autres pages je pense.
On peut toujours aussi écrire ici un cours parallèle ou d'un autre niveau complétement nouveau
*Pour le moment,, attendre, SVP*
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'Lens'
published: false
visible: false
---
Lentille épaisse (d'épaisseur $e$ et d'indice de réfraction $n$) séparant deux milieux d'indices de réfraction différents $n_1$ et $n_2$,
puis lorsque $n_1=n_2$ (lentille plongée dans un même milieu)
puis approxiamtion lorsque $e$ tend vers 0 (lentille mince).
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'La lentille'
published: false
visible: false
---
Lentille épaisse (d'épaisseur $e$ et d'indice de réfraction $n$) séparant deux milieux d'indices de réfraction différents $n_1$ et $n_2$,
puis lorsque $n_1=n_2$ (lentille plongée dans un même milieu)
puis approxiamtion lorsque $e$ tend vers 0 (lentille mince).
\ No newline at end of file
---
title: 'La lentille '
published: false
visible: false
---
Lentille épaisse (d'épaisseur $e$ et d'indice de réfraction $n$) séparant deux milieux d'indices de réfraction différents $n_1$ et $n_2$,
puis lorsque $n_1=n_2$ (lentille plongée dans un même milieu)
puis approxiamtion lorsque $e$ tend vers 0 (lentille mince).
\ No newline at end of file
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